!
"!
Abstract(
!
#$%&!'(')*!)+(,%-)&!$./!0(1(!&2*3)%44(-5)!/.*6&!%-!1$)!7-%1)0!81(1)&9!$./!%1!5(-!:)!
'*)3)-1)0!(-0!%1;&!&.5%.4.<%5(4!%,'(51!.-!1$)!=,)*%5(-!').'4)>!!
?%*&14@!A!/%44!%-3)&1%<(1)!1$)!1)*,!B82*3)%44(-5)!&.5%)1@C!2&%-<!D%5$)4!?.25(241&!
1$).*@!.E!F(-.'1%5%&,9!(-0!1$2&!0)E%-)!1$)!1)*,!A-1)*-)1!F(-.'1%5%&,>!8)5.-04@9!A!
/%44!)+'4(%-!$./!5%1%G)-&!5(-!)-5*@'1!1$)%*!./-!0(1(!1.!'*)3)-1!:)%-<!,.-%1.*)09!
2&%-<!1$)!H8=I5*@'1.&@&1),>!A!/%44!)+'4(%-!1$)!-2,:)*!1$).*@!:)$%-0!&25$!
)-5*@'1%.-&!(-0!0%&52&&!1$)%*!&)52*%1@>!
A!/%44!)+(,%-)!1$)!)EE)51&!.E!,(&&!&2*3)%44(-5)9!(-0!)&1%,(1)!/$)1$)*!.*!-.1!0(1(!
&2*3)%44(-5)!%&!(!3%.4(1%.-!(<(%-&1!1$)!=,)*%5(-!%-0%3%02(4&>!J(&14@!A!/%44!0*(/!(!
'(*(44)4!:)1/))-!,@!'(')*!(-0!1$)!4)(6)0!0.52,)-1&!.E!K0/(*0!8-./0)->!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
L!
!
!
Table(of(Contents(
Abstract(.......................................................................................................................................(1!
Indledning(..................................................................................................................................(3!
Hvordan(fungerer(den(elektroniske(overvågning(........................................................(4!
Overvågningssamfundet(................................................................................................................(4!
F(-.'1%&,)!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!M!
A-1)*-)1!F(- .' 1%&, ) !>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!N!
Hvordan(undgår(man(overvågning(....................................................................................(9!
RSA(.........................................................................................................................................................(9!
K24)*&!&O1-%-<!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!P!
K264%0&!(4<.*%1,)!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!"L!
Q)3%&!E.*!H8=!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!"R!
K-6*@'1)*%-<!.<!0)6*@'1)*%-<!(E!8STUVKS!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!"W!
PGP(......................................................................................................................................................(17!
Sikkerheden(af(RSA(........................................................................................................................(18!
Hvad(er(konsekvenserne(af(øget(overvågning(............................................................(19!
Perspektivering(.....................................................................................................................(22!
Konklusion(..............................................................................................................................(23!
Bibliografi(...............................................................................................................................(25!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
R!
Indledn in g (
!
!
A-1)*-)11)1!$(*!<X.*1!&1.*)!,O-<0)*!%-E.*,(1%.-!1%4<O-<)4%<!E.*!,)--)&6)*!'Y!)1!
&'4%1!&)62-0>!V)1!$(*!Y:-)1!0Z*)!E.*!)-!-@!3)*0)-!$3.*!3%!6(-!6.,,2-%6)*)!,)0!
$%-(-0)-!13O*&!.3)*!64.0)->!D)-!.3)*!(41!$3.*!3%!EO*0)&!'Y!-)11)1!)E1)*4(0)*!3%!.&!
&'.*9!.<!0)*E.*!<Z*!3%!0)1!,24%<1!E.*!(-0*)!(1!.3)*3Y<)!.&>!!(Jastrup, 2003)!
!!
K-!&1Z**)!.<!&1Z**)!0)4!(E!3.*)&!6.,,2-%6(1%.-!.<!$3)*0(<!:4%3)*!0%<%1(4%&)*)1>!A!0)!
3)&14%<)!4(-0)!$(*!3%!%!0)!&)-)&1)!Y*!&)1!0%<%1(4%&)*%-<!(E!E.*3(41-%-<)-9!&@<)$2&)-)!.<!
200(--)4&)*-)>!D%4%1O*)1!)*!<.01!'Y!3)X!,)0!0%<%1(4%&)*%-<)->![*%<9!&%66)*$)09!
E.*:*@0)4&)!.<!.3)*3Y<-%-<!%!0)1!0%<%1(4)!-)13O*6&&(,E2-0!$(-04)*!%!0(<!.,!0%<%1(4)!
(<<*)&&%.-!.<!6*%,%-(4%1)1)-&!0%<%1(4)!(&')61)*>!!\]^!
!!
FY!<*2-0!(E!0%<%1(4%&)*%-<)-!)*!6*@'1.4.<%)-!:4)3)1!)-!5)-1*(4!0)4!(E!3.*)&!&(,E2-0!
0(!3%!:)-@11)*!0)1!1%4!(1!(E<*O-&)!$3),!0)*!$(*!(0<(-<!1%4!3.*)&!0(1(>!!!
!
V)-!-@)!1)6-.4.<%!<%3)*!.&!,24%<$)0!E.*!(1!3O*)!.-4%-)!$)4)!0Z<-)19!,)-!0)!20<Z*!
.<&Y!-@)!1*2&4)*!,)0!3.*)&!'*%3(14%3>!V)*!$(*!&%0)-!L_"L9!%!K79!3O*)1!(*:)X0)1!E.*!(1!
*)3%0)*)!4.3<%3-%-<)-!.,!0(1(:)&6@11)4&)!E.*!(1!&%6*)9!(1!E.46!:)3(*)*!6.-1*.44)-!
,)0!0)*)&!')*&.-4%<)!.'4@&-%-<)*!%!0)-!0%<%1(4)!3)*0)->!!!
D)-!$3.*0(-!E2-<)*)*!0)--)!)4)61*.-%&6)!.3)*3Y<-%-<]!`3.*0(-!2-0<Y*!,(-!0)-!
.<!$3%46)!6.-&)63)-&)*!$(*!0)-]!V)11)!3%4!X)<!2-0)*&Z<)!%!,%-!.'<(3)>!
!!
Problemformulering!
!"#$%&'()*'+,$,$(%,'(,-,./$#'01.,(#",$"2+'0'+(0(1&3)*'%,/4(5"#$%&'(*'%+2$(3&'(
%,'(#+(5"0-.,(.#'1,.",'1,$(&)1/,%.#33,$(%,'(6+,%,(37'+%,(#",$"2+'0'+>!!!
!!
H)0)<Z*!E.*!0)!3O&)-14%<)!6(*(61)*%&1%6(!3)0!.3)*3Y<-%-<&&(,E2-0)1!.<!6.,!%!0)-!
&(,,)-$O-<!%-0!'Y!:)<*):)*-)!'(-.'1%&,)!.<!%-1)*'(-.'1%&,)>!
!
!
!
W!
V)*!*)0)<Z*)&!E.*!H8=!6*@'1)*%-<&!&@&1),)19!$)*2-0)*!1(41).*)1%&6)!:)<*):)*!.<!
&O1-%-<)*9!0)*!20<Z*!<*2-04(<)1!E.*!0)11)!6*@'1)*%-<&!&@&1),>!H8=I&@&1),)1!)*!
%442&1*)*)1!3)0!(1!<)--),<Y!)1!)6&),')4!'Y!)-6*@'1)*%-<!.<!0)6*@'1)*%-<!(E!.*0)1!
8STUVKS!20!E*(!)1!'(*9!X)<!&)43!3O4<)*>!
!
V)&20)-!32*0)*)&!&%66)*$)0)-!(E!H8=!&.,!6*@'1.&@&1),!.<!%!E.*4O-<)4&)!$)*(E!
32*0)*)&!.,!.3)*3Y<-%-<!)*!)-!6*O-6)4&)!(E!%-0%3%0)1!.<!$3(0!0)-!Z<)0)!
.3)*3Y<-%-<!:)1@0)*!E.*!1%44%0)-!%!)1!&(,E2-0>!V)*!')*&')61%3)*)&!1%4!K0/(*0!
8-./0)-;&!4O66)0)!0.62,)-1)*>!
Hvordan(fungerer(den(elektroniske(over vågning (
Overvågningssamfundet((
!
!
a%!$(*!*)<%&1*)*)1!$O-0)4&)*!%!3.*)&!&(,E2-0!&%0)-!.401%0)->!V)!&)-)&1)!L__!Y*!$(*!
3.*)&!6('%1(4%&1%&6)!&(,E2-0!$(E1!'*.E%1!,(6&%,)*%-<!&.,!,Y4>!V)11)!$(*!,)0EZ*1!)1!
Z<)1!6*(3!1%4!)EE)61%3%&)*%-<!.<!*(1%.-(4%&)*%-<>!(Fisher, 2007)!
a%!$(*!(41%0!*)<%&1*)*)1!,)-!3%!$(*!<X.*1!0)1!%!'('%*!E.*,>!SY*!3%!&Y!$(*!,24%<$)0)-!
E.*!(1!*)<%&1*)*)!0%<%1(41!:4%3)*!0)11)!)-!.'4(<1!,24%<$)0!E.*!(1!Z<)!)EE)61%3%&)*%-<!.<!
*(1%.-(4%&)*%-<9!:Y0)!%-0)-E.*!0)-!'*%3(1)!&)61.*!,)-!,Y&6)!%!&O*0)4)&$)0!%!0)-!
.EE)-14%<)!&)61.*>!
V%<%1(4!*)<%&1*)*%-<!)*!)6&),')43%&!'(1%)-1X.2*-(4)*9!%-06.,&1E.*$.409!1)4)I!.<!
%-1)*-)16.,,2-%6(1%.-9!6*)0%1!:)1(4%-<!,>3>!?Z4<)*-)!(E!*)<%&1*)*%-<!)*!(1!3%!:4%3)*!
,)*)!.3)*3Y<)0)>!
A!0)-!0(-&6)!.*0:.<!:4%3)*!.3)*3Y<-%-<&&(,E2-0)1!:)&6*)3)1!&.,!89&3)*'%(5"#$(
#",$"2+'0'+(&)(:#$+,$',(,$(%$,",/(12("0%/(&/(%,'(;,$1#'-0+,()$05,%(.$7'.,18(
(DenDanskOrdbog)!
A<)--),!1%0)*-)!$(*!E.*&6)44%<)!')*&.-)*!'*Z3)1!(1!0)E%-)*)!
.3)*3Y<-%-<&&(,E2-0)1>!b).*<)!T*/)44!:)&6*%3)*!%!&%-!*.,(-!C"PcWC!)-!
2-0)*1*@66)-0)9!1.1(4%1O*!&1(1!0)*!.3)*3Y<)*!.<!6.-1*.44)*)*!&%-)!:.*<)*)!%!)1!
)6&1*),1!.,E(-<>!(Wikipedia)!
!
M!
!
V.:&.-!.<!?%&$)*!20<(3!%!L__N!(*1%6)4)-!C#$)!F( - .'1%5.-;&!5$(-<%-<!<).<*('$@C!!
$3.*!0)!0)4)*!.3)*3Y<-%-<&1)6-.4.<%)-&!203%64%-<!%!1*)!*@6>!V)1!&1(*1)*!,)0!
:@<-%-<)-!F(-.'1%6.-!$.&!d)*),@!Q)-1$(,!%!"N__I1(44)19!.<!%!,%01)-!(E!0)1!L_>!
e*$2-0*)0)!,)0!b).*<)!T*/)44;&!:.<!.,!CQ%<!:*.1$)*C!.<!0)1!&%0&1)!*@6!)*!0)-!
)4)61*.-%&6)!.3)*3Y<-%-<!%!0(<>!V)!6(40)&!F(-.'1%6.-!A9!AA!.<!AAA>!(Fisher, 2007)!
!
?O44)&!6)-0)1)<-)1!E.*!0)!1*)!1@')*!)*!(1 ! 0)!)*!8<=>(%,10+',/(/0-(&/(",%-0+,5#-%,(
-6:,'%,(#",$"2+'0'+4($,%*?,$,(#3.#1/'0'+,$',(&)(#",$"2+'0'+4(#+(6+,(#3(
,)),./0"0/,/,'(&)(#",$"2+'0'+8((Fisher, 2007, p. 311)!
!
b*2-04(<)1!E.*!?%&$)*!.<!V.:&.-;&!%0)!)*!(1!0)!E4)&1)!.3)*3Y<-%-<&!%-&1%121%.-)*!)*!
%-&'%*)*)1!(E!F(-.'1%6.-!%!)1!)44)*!(-0)1!.,E(-<>!D)-!EZ*&1!,Y!3%!3%0)!$3(0!
F(-.'1%6.-!A!)*!E.*!(1!E.*&1Y!-21%0)-&!F(-.'1%6.-!AAA>!
Panoptisme(
!
?.25(241!:)<@-0)*!&%1!6('%1)4!.,!F(-.'1%6.-!,)0!(1!:)&6*%3)!8%,()#$5#-%1($,+-,$(
3&'(0)6-+,($,+-,3,'/,/()$&(1-*/'0'+,'(&)(%,/(@AB(C$5*'%$,%,(1.*--,(/&+,4('2$(%,$("&$(
.#'1/&/,$,/(;,1/(0(,'(:DB8!(Foucault, 1975, s. 211)!`(-!:)&6*%3)*!')&1)-!&.,!-.<)1!
&(,,)-&(19!4Z&(<1%<19!4.34Z&19!E.*:20&4Z&1!3(-3%0!$3.*!6*.'')-)!:4(-0)*!&%<!20)-!
*)&')619!$3.*!0)-!0%&5%'4%-O*)!,(<1!)*!(-(4@&)-9!0)*!(0&6%44)*!0)!&@<)!E*(!0)!*(&6)>!
F)&1)-!)*!0)-!:(<3)04%<<)-0)!E*@<1!E.*!.3)*3Y<-%-<&!%-&1%121%.-)-!F(-.'1%6.->!
!
A!&421-%-<)-!(E!"c__I1(44)1!0)&%<-)0)!d)*),@!Q)-1$(,!CF(-.'1%6.-C!0)*!$(30)!1%4!
E.*,Y4!(1!3O*)!)-!.3)*3Y<-%-<&!%-&1%121%.->!F(-.'1%6.-!)*!)-!*%-<E.*,)1!:@<-%-<9!
.'0)41!%!5)44)*!0)*!<Y*!13O*&!(E!$)4)!:@<-%-<)->!A!5)-1*2,!)*!0)*!)1!1Y*-!,)0!&1.*)!
3%-02)*>!`3)*!5)44)!$(*!1.!3%-02)*9!)1!0)*!3)-0)*!%-0!,.0!1Y*-)1!.<!)1!(-0)1!20(01%4!
0)*!<%3)*!4@&)1!,24%<$)0!E.*!(1!<)--),1*O-<)!5)44)-!E*(!)-0)!1%4!(-0)->!
!
`3%&!,(-!'4(5)*)*!)-!3(<1!%!0)1!5)-1*(4)!1Y*-!6(-!$(-!.:&)*3)*)!E(-<)*-)&!&%4$2)11)*!
%!$3)*!)-!5)44)9!'Y!<*2-0!(E!,.04@&)1>!!`3)*!E(-<)!)*!%&.4)*)1!%!$3)*!&%-!5)44)!.<!
!
f!
6.-&1(-1!&@-4%<>!a(<1)-!&)*!(41%-<!,)-!:4%3)*!(40*%<!&)19!%!,.0&O1-%-<!1%4!E(-<)-!&.,!
(41%0!)*!.:X)61!%!)-!.:&)*3(1%.-!,)-!(40*%<!&2:X)61!%!)-!6.,,2-%6(1%.->!
V)1!)*!20!E*(!0)--)!(*6%1)61.-%&6)!E.*,!(1!E%4.&.EE)-!?.25(241!:)&6*%3)*!0)-!
.3)*3Y<)-0)!,(<1&!E.*$.40!1%4!,)--)&6)*&!0(<4%<0(<&!4%3>!!!
C!F(-.'1%6.-!:Z*!%66)!E.*&1Y&!&.,!)-!0*Z,,):@<-%-<g!0)-!)*!0%(<*(,,)1!E.*!)-!
,(<1,)6(-%&,)9!0)*!EZ*)&!1%4:(<)!1%4!&%-!%0)(4)!E.*,C!
!
D(<1!E.*&1Y&!.E1)!&.,!-.<)19!-.<)-!$(*!%!)-!<%3)-!&%12(1%.-!)44)*!%!)1!:)&1),1!
1%0&*2,>!V)--)!.'E(11)4&)!(E!,(<1!)*!)-!,.0&O1-%-<!1%4!?.25(241&!,(<1.'E(11)4&)>!
AEZ4<)!?.25(241!)*!,(<1)-!(44)&1)0&-O*3O*)-0)!.<!%-1)1!%-0%3%0!6(-!3O*)!%!E240!
:)&%00)4&)!(E!0)-!)44)*!E2401!:)3%0&1!.,!0)->!D(<1)-!<)--),&@*)*!(44)!(&')61)*!(E!
3.*)&!(0EO*09!,)-!)6&%&1)*)*!%!0)1!&6X241)>!
V)11)!,(<1E.*$.40!<)-&)*!,(-!%!'(-.'1%6.-9!0(!3(<1)-!(41%0!)*!&6X2419!.<!E(-<)-!3)0!
(40*%<!.,!$(-!:4%3)*!.3)*3Y<)1!)44)*!)X>!D)-!'Y!<*2-0!(E!(1!$(-!3)0!(1!$(-!(41%0!6(-!
:4%3)!.3)*3Y<)1!3%4!,(<1)-!<)--),&@*)!(44)!(&')61)*!(E!$(-&!(0EO*0>!`(-!3%4!.'EZ*)!
&%<!%!E.*$.40!1%4!0)1!E(612,!(1!$(-!:4%3)*!.3)*3Y<)1>!!
d)*),@!Q)-1$(,!0)&%<-)0)!F(-.'1%6.--)1!1%4!(1!3O*)!:%44%<)*)!.<!,)*)!)EE)61%31!)-0!
(-0*)!EO-<&4)*!&%-!1%09!0(!,(-!62-!$(*!:*2<!E.*!h-!3(<1!%!1Y*-)1!1%4!(1!.3)*3Y<)!(41>! !!
8E,'(%,$(:,)0'%,$(10+(0(,/(1D'1),-/4(1#3(,$(.-&$(#",$(%,/4(/&+,$(3&+/,'1(/"&'+(;2(10+4(
5&'(0'%1.$0",$(10+(0(,'(3&+/$,-&/0#'(5"#$(5&'(1,-"(1;0--,$(:,++,($#--,$8(
!
K<)-14%<!:)$Z3)&!0)*!%66)!(1!3O*)!)-!3(<1!.3)*$.3)09!,)-!E(-<)-!&6(4!$(3)!)-!
E.*-),,)4&)!(E!(1!$(-!6.-&1(-1!6(-!:4%3)!.3)*3Y<)1>!V)--)!&6X241)!,(<1!3%4!'Y3%*6)!
$(-&!(0EO*09!.<!$(-!3%4!.'EZ*)!&%<!%!E.*$.40!1%4!0)1!E(612,!(1!$(-!:4%3)*!.3)*3Y<)1>!!
F(-.'1%6.-!(21.,(1%&)*)*!.<!(E%-0%3%02(4%&)*)*!0)-!.3)*3Y<)0)!,(<1>!
!
!
J(&&)!D)40<((*0!.'&1%44)*!E%*)!<*2-04O<<)-0)!'*%-5%'')*!E.*!F(-.'1%6.-!A!&.,!)*!
EZ4<)-0)g!
"^!!A-&')61%.-&'*%-5%'')1!i!A-&')61%.-)-!&6(4!E.*)<Y!6.-&1(-19!.<!$3%&!0)1!%66)!)*!
,24%<19!&6(4!0)1!<%3)!E.*-),,)4&)-!(E!)-!&Y0(-!6.-&1(-1!%-&')61%.-!!$.&!0)!
.3)*3Y<)0)>!!
L^!!81*2612*)4!(0<(-<!i!V)!6.-6*)1)9!E@&%&6)!&1*2612*)*!&6(4!1%44 ( 0)! )-&%0%<!
!
N!
.3)*3Y<-%-<!E*(!)1!5)-1*2,9!0)*!$(*!20&@-!1%4!(44)!5)44)*-)>!!
!
R^!!A-0%3%02(4%&)*%-<!i!V)*!&6(4 !1%4!)-$3)*!1%0!3O*)!,24%<$)0!E.*!(1%%0)-1%E%5)*)!$3)*1!
)-6)41!&2:X)61!%!0)-!)-6)41)!5)44)>!!
W^!
!
P!
Q(<!3)0!3.*)&!:)$.3!E.*!(1!.3)*3Y<)!.<!6.-1*.44)*)9!4%<<)*!E*@<1)-!E.*!2.*0)-9!
1)**.*%&,)9!&,%11)!(E!&@<0.,,)!.<!E.*:*@0)4&)*-)>!!
!
Hvordan(undgår(man(overvågning(
!
RSA(
!
H8=!)*!)-!,)<)1!'.'24O*!(4<.*%1,)!0)*!:*2<)&!(E!5.,'21)*)!1%4!(1!)-6*@'1)*)!.<!
0)6*@'1)*)!:)&6)0)*9!&Y0(-!&Y!)1!2Z-&6)1!1*)0X)'(*1%!%66)!6(-!&)!0),>!V)1!0)*!
6)-0)1)<-)*!H8=!)*!)1!0)1!)*!)1!C'2:4%5I6)@!&@&1),C!$3%46)1!3%4!&%<)!(1!0)*!)*!)-!
.EE)-14%<!.<!)-!$),,)4%<!6*@'1.-Z<4)>!=44)!6(-!3O*)!%!:)&%00)4&)!(E!0)-!.EE)-14%<)!
-Z<4)9!.<!0)*,)0!3%0)!$3.*0(-!,(-!6*@'1)*)*!)-!:)&6)09!,)-!0)6*@'1)*%-<&-Z<4)-!
$.40)&!$),,)4%<>!=4<.*%1,)-!)*!&6(:1!&Y4)0)&!(1!,(-!%66)!6(-!E%-0)!0)-!$),,)4%<)!
-Z<4)!20!E*(!0)-!.EE)-14%<)>!!
!
V)11)!&6@40)&!(1!,(-!&6(:)*!0)6*@'1)*%-<&!-Z<4)-!3)0!(1!<(-<)!1.!&1.*)!'*%,1(4!
&(,,)-!'Y!.,6*%-<!"__!5%E*)>!D(-!6(-!:4.1!E%-0)!0)-!$),,)4%<)!-Z<4)!0!$3%&!,(-!
6(-!:)*)<-)!'$%!(E!-!.<!$3%&!-!)*!)1!&1.*1!-.6!1(4!3%4!0)1!1(<)!E4)*)!Y*!E.*!&)43!)-!&2')*!
5.,'21)*>!
V)1!)*!4)1!-.6!(1!<(-<)!1.!&1.*)!'*%,1(4!&(,,)-9!,)-!0)1!)*!4(-<1!&3O*)*)!(1!
*)3)*&)*)!$(-04%-<)-!.<!E%-0)!0)!1.!'*%,1(4>!V)11)!&6@40)&!(1!0)*!)-0-2!%66)!
)6&%&1)*)*!)-!$2*1%<1!.<!)EE)61%3!,Y0)!(1!E(61.*%&)*)!&1.*)!&(,,)-&(11)!1(4>!(Nissen,
1997)!
Eulers(funktion(
(
?.*!)1!$)41!1(4!-!0)E%-)*)&!K24)*&!E2-61%.-!&.,!(-1(44)1!(E!$)4)!1(4!:4(-01!1(44)-)!
"9L9Rl-9!&.,!$(*!"!&.,!&1Z*&1)!EO44)&!0%3%&.*!,)0!-9!(41&Y!)*!'*%,%&6)!,)0!->!!
?.*!)6&),')4!$3%&!𝑛 = 10!!&Y!)*!"9!R9!N9!P!'*%,%&6)!,)0!"_9!,)-&!L9W9M9f9c9"_!%66)!)*>!
V)*E.*!)*!𝜑 10 = 4!
?.*!)1!'*%,1(4!'!)*!(44)!1(4!"9Ll9!'!I!"!'*%,%&6)!,)0!'9!0)*E.*!)*!𝜑 𝑝 = 𝑝 − 1>!!
!
"_!
!
?.*!)1!'*%,1(4!'!<O40)*9!(1!
𝜑 𝑝 = 𝑝 − 1!
!
"#$!%#!&#$'()**+,)!-$+.%/*!-0!1!,2*3)$0!/%!
!
𝜑 𝑝𝑞 = 𝑝 − 1 · (𝑞 − 1)!
!
4$#35(%)%!/&!-$+.%/**)6)!𝜑 𝑝𝑞 !(/*3)$!7+!𝜑 𝑛 8!9%!:)'%)..)!𝜑 𝑛 0!/*%';!/%!&/(%#$+')$)!
-$#35(%)%0!)$!)('%$).%!%+3'($27)63)!<7+'!./6!+(()!()63)$!-$+.&/(%#$#-*='6+6,)6!
𝑚 = 𝑝𝑞!
"#$!/%!:)'%)..)!𝜑 𝑚 !'(/*!./6!:)'%)..)!/**)!<)*)!%/*!.+63$)!)63!.0!3)$!)$!+63:>$3)'!
-$+.+'(!.)3!.8!!
?/!3)$!&+63)'!5)63)*+,)!./6,)!-$+.%/*!7+!(/6!,/6,)!'/..)6@A!(/6!-$#35(%)%!:*+7)!
5<>$)!'%#$%8!B7+'!7+!&#$)'%+**)$!#'!/%!𝑚 = 10
!""
!#,!/%!3)%!%/,)$!#'!C!.+**+#6D%)!3)*!/&!)%!
')(563!@10
!!
!')(A!/%!/&,=$)!#.!)%!<)*%!%/*!)$!-$+.+'(!.)3!.!7+**)!3)%!+!/*%!%/,)E!
!
10
!""
· 10
!!
𝑠𝑒𝑘 = 10
!"
·
1
60 · 60 · 24 · 365
å𝑟~3,2 · 10
!"
å𝑟 !
!
?)%%)!/6%/*!;$!)$!&*)$)!,/6,)!56+7)$')%'!/*3)$0!#,!3)$&#$!)$!.)%#3)6!+(()!'2$*+,!)&&)(%+78!
B7+'!6#,)6!&/63%!)6!.)%#3)!<7#$!./6!(566)!53*)3)!%/**)6)!3+$)(%)!53)6!/%!()63)!
-$+.&/(%#$)6)!+!60!7+**)!7)3(#..)63)!:*+7)!F53=3)*+,,G#$%!+!./%)./%+()$($)3')F!
(Nissen, 1997)!
?)%!7+**)!#,';!=3)*2,,)!'+(()$<)3)6!&#$!HI9!&5*3'%263+,0!.)6!3)%!(#..)$!7+!.)$)!+63!
-;!+!3+'(5''+#6)68!!
J/3!𝑚 = 𝑝 · 𝑞!<7#$!-!#,!1!)$!%#!&#$'()**+,)!-$+.%/*8!K/**)6)!.+63$)!)63!.0!3)$!+(()!)$!
-$+.+'()!.)3!.0!)$!3)!%/*0!3)$!</$!-!)**)$!1!'#.!-$+.&/(%#$)$0!/*%';!3)!1!L!C!%/*!
!
𝑝 · 1, 𝑝 · 2, … , 𝑝 · 𝑞 − 1 !
!
""!
#,!3)!-!L!C!%/*!
!
𝑞 · 1, 𝑞 · 2, … , 𝑞 − 1 · 𝑞!
96%/**)%!/&!%/*!:*/63%!C0M0N0-1LC0!3)$!)$!-$+.+'()!.)3!.!O!-1!)$!3)$&#$!
𝑝 · 𝑞 − 1 − 𝑞 − 1 − 𝑝 − 1) = (𝑝 − 1)(𝑞 − 1)!
I2%6+6,)6!)$!65!:)7+'%8!(Spalk, 2002, s. 42)!
!
Eulers(sætning(
!
K24)*&!&O1-%-<!)*!)-!<)-)*(4%&)*%-<!(E!?)*,(1&!4%44)!&O1-%-<!
!
`3%&! 𝑎, 𝑛 = 𝑔æ𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑡!𝑎
!(!)
≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛)!
!
B7+'!/!)$!+63:>$3)'!-$+.+'(!.)3!6!,2*3)$!/%!
!
J(0!
𝑟
!
, … , 𝑟
!(!)
!
!
72$)!)%!$)35P)$)%!'2%!/&!$)'%)$8!Q/6,)$!7+!3+'')!)*).)6%)$!.)3!/!&;$!7+!)%!/63)%!
$)35P)$)%!'2%!/&!$)'%)$!@*)../!RCA!
𝑎𝑟
!
, … , 𝑎𝑟
!(!)
!
?+'')!%#!-$#35(%)$!/&!)*).)6%)$!)$!3)!'/..)!+!.#35*#!6!
𝑟
!
· 𝑟
!
… , 𝑟
! !
≡ 𝑎 · 𝑟
!
· 𝑎 · 𝑟
!
… 𝑎 · 𝑟
! !
!𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛 →!
𝑟
!
· 𝑟
!
… , 𝑟
! !
≡ 𝑎
! !
· 𝑟
!
· 𝑟
!
… , 𝑟
! !
!!𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛!
V(!(44)!*
%
!)*!%-0:@*0)&!'*%,%&6)!,)0!-9!6(-!0)!E.*6.*1)&!%EZ4<)!6.*.44(*!LN!(Spalk,
2002, s. 33)!
!
𝑎
! !
≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛 !
!
!
"L!
I2%6+6,)6!)$!65!:)7+'%8!(Spalk, 2002, s. 45)!
(
Euklids(algoritme(
!
!
K264%0&!(4<.*%1,)!)*!)-!'*.5)&&!0)*!:)*)<-)*!0)-!&1Z*&1)!EO44)&!0%3%&.*!(E!1.!
&(,,)-&(11)!1(4>!
!
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑎, 𝑟 !$3.*!*!)*!*)&1)-!(E!:!3)0!0%3%&%.-!,)0!(!
!
!
𝑎 = 𝑞
!
· 𝑏 + 𝑟
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!0 ≤ 𝑟
!
< 𝑏!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!
𝑏 = 𝑞
!
· 𝑟
!
+ 𝑟
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!0 ≤ 𝑟
!
< 𝑟
!
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!
𝑟
!
= 𝑞
!
· 𝑟
!
+ 𝑟
!
!!!!!!!!!!!0 ≤ 𝑟
!
< 𝑟
!
!!!!!!!!
!
>>>!
!
𝑟
!!!
= 𝑞
!
· 𝑟
!!!
+ 𝑟
!
!!!!!0 ≤ 𝑟
!
< 𝑟
!!!
!
!
𝑟
!!!
= 𝑞
!!!
· 𝑟
!
!
!
F*.5)&&)-!)*!EO*0%<!-Y*!*)&1)-!)*!4%<!,)0!_9!(41&Y!0%3%&%.-)-!)*!<Y)1!.'>!K1!)6&),')4!
'Y!0)--)!(4<.*%1,)!%!(-3)-0)4&)!6(-!&)&!%!8STUVKS!)6&),'4)1!&)-)*)>!
F*.5)&&)-!&1(-0&)*!E.*0%!0)-!*)&1!3%!EY*!(41%0!)*!,%-0*)!)-0!0)-!*)&1!3%!E%6!%-0)->!K1!
(E1(<)-0)!EZ4<)!(E!'.&%1%3)!$)4)!1(4!3%4!EZ*!)44)*!&%0)-!&1(-0&)!
a%!6(-!-2!6.-6420)*)!(1!
!
!
"R!
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑟
!
, 𝑏 = 𝑟
!
, 𝑟
!
= 𝑟
!
, 𝑟
!
= ⋯ = 𝑟
!
, 𝑟
!!!
= 𝑟
!
, 0 = 𝑟
!
!
!
8Y!3)0!3%!(1!0)-!&1Z*&1)!EO44)&!0%3%&.*!%!(9:!)*!𝑟
!
!(Spalk, 2002, s. 12)!
!
!
!
!
Bevis(for(RSA(
!
a%!:)3%&)*!(1!H8=I6*@'1.&@&1),)1!E2-<)*)*>!!
!
𝑚 → 𝑚
!
𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛 → 𝑚
!
𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛
!
𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛 = 𝑚
!"
𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛 = 𝑚!
!
V)--)!4%<-%-<!:)1@0)*!:4.1!(1!3%!6(-!EY!0)-!&(,,)!6.0)!,!E.*!64(*1)6&1)-!20!&.,!3%!
*)<-)*!%-0>!=41&Y!(1g!
!
𝑚
!"
𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛 = 𝑚!
!
Q)3%&)1!6(-!20EZ*)&!'Y!1.!,Y0)*!(E$O-<%<1!(E!.,! 𝑚, 𝑛 = 1!)44)*!(𝑚, 𝑛) ≠ 1!
!
d)<!3%4!62-!:)3%&)!1%4EO40)1! 𝑚, 𝑛 = 1!0(!0)1!-O&1)!)*!,)<)1!2&(-0&@-4%<1!.<!)*!)X!
$)44)*)!1%4EO40)!%!3.*)&!6*@'1)*%-<&>!b*2-0)-!1%4!(1!(𝑚, 𝑛) ≠ 1!)*!2&(-0&@-4%<1!)*!
E.*0%!(1!0(!𝑛 = 𝑝 · 𝑞!3%4!)-!EO44)&!0%3%&.*!%!,!.<!-!)-1)-!3O*)!4%<!,)0!'!)44)*!4%<!,)0!
m9!0(!0)!:)<<)!)*!'*%,1(4>!J(0!.&!1O44)!$3.*!,(-<)!1(4!,)44),!"!.<!'m!0)*!6(-!
0%3%0)*)&!,)0!'!)44)*!mg!
!
'!<Y*!.'!%!1(44)-)g!!𝑝, 2 · 𝑝, 3 · 𝑝, … , 𝑞 − 1 · 𝑝!,)44),!"!.<!'m!
m!<Y*!.'!%!1(44)-)g!!𝑞, 2 · 𝑞, 3 · 𝑞, … , 𝑝 − 1 · 𝑞!,)44),!"!.<!'m!
V)1!3%4!&%<)!(1!0)*!)*! 𝑞 − 1 + 𝑝 − 1 + 1 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 − 1!1(4!,)44),!"!.<!'m!$3.*!
𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1!
!
"W!
`3%&!:)<<)!'!.<!m!$(*!"__!5%E*)9!&.,!%!)1!*)(4%&1%&6!0(1(&O1!\^9!6(-!&(-0&@-4%<$)0)-!
E.*!1(4!,)44),!'m!$3.*! 𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1!%!E.*$.40!1%4!$3.*!,(-<)!1(4!0)*!)*!,)44),!"!.<!'m!
.'&1%44)&!&Y4)0)&g!
𝑝 + 𝑞 − 1
𝑝 · 𝑞
≈
10
!""
10
!""
= 10
!!""
!
!
!
#%4EO40)!"!
J(0!.&!(-1(<)!(1!,!.<!-;&!&1Z*&1)!EO44)&!0%3%&.*!)*!">!AEZ4<)!K24)*;&!&O1-%-<!<O40)*g!!
!
𝑚
!"
(𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛) ≡ 𝑚
!" !"#!! !
(𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛)!
!
V(!𝑒 · 𝑑 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝜑 𝑛 )!EY*!3%9!(1!&O1-%-<)-!)*!:)3%&19!$3%&! 𝑚, 𝑛 = 1!
!
Enkryptering(og(dekryptering(af(SNOWDEN(
(
(^ aO4<!'*%,1(44)-)!'!n!"N!9!m!n!LR!.<!𝑛 = 17 · 23 = 391!
!
!
:^ Q)*)<-!𝜑 𝑛 = 𝑝 − 1 · 𝑞 − 1 = 17 − 1 · 23 − 1 = 352!
!
!
5^ aO4<!)!&Y4)0)&!(1!0 < 𝑒 < 𝜑 𝑛 !.<!\)9!𝜑 𝑛 ) = 1!
=41&Y!3O4<!)!1%4!(1!3O*)!)1!1(4!$3.*!0)-!&1Z*&1)!EO44)&!0%3%&.*!(E!RML!.<!)!)*!"!
d)<!$(*!3(4<1!)!n!LN!
0 < 27 < 352!𝑜𝑔! 27,352 = 1!!
!
!
0^ Q)*)<-!09!&Y4)0)&!(1!𝑒𝑑 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝜑 𝑛 !
!
"M!
!
?.*!3%46Y*4%<)!$)4)!1(4!,!.<!-!,)0!𝑛 > 0!E%-0)&!)-1@0%<1!:)&1),1)!$)4)!1(4!m!.<!*9!
&Y4)0)&!(1!
𝑚 = 𝑞 · 𝑛 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑛!
(!n!RML!!!9!!!!:!.<!)!n!LN!
!
8Y!:*2<)*!3%!&O1-%-<!W>R!0%3%&%.-!,)0!*)&1!.<!EY*!m!
352
27
= 13,03704 = 𝑞1!
352 − 13 · 27 = 1 = 𝑟1!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!352 = 13 · 27 + 1!!,!!!!!𝑎 = 𝑞
!
· 𝑏 + 𝑟
!
!
!
𝑏 = 𝑞
!
· 𝑟
!
+ 𝑟
!
!
!
27 = 27 · 1 + 0!
!
!
!
V)11)!6(-!:)-@11)&!1%4!(1!&6*%3)!)-!4%-)O*!6.,:%-(1%.-!(E!\RML9LN^!
!
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑠 · 𝑎 + 𝑡 · 𝑏!
a)0!$XO4'!(E!.3)-&1Y)-0)!20*)<-%-<!6( -!3%!:)&1),,)!3.*)&!0!
𝑠
!
= 1!!!!!,!!!!𝑡
!
= −𝑞
!
= −13!
𝑠
!
= 1!
𝑠
!
= −𝑠
!
· 𝑞
!
= −1 · 27 = −27!
!
!
𝑡
!
= 1 − 𝑡
!
· 𝑞
!
= 1 − −13 · 27 = 352!
!
𝑡
!
= 𝑡
!
− 𝑡
!
· 𝑞
!
= −13 − 352 · −1 = 339!
!
"f!
!
! !
5^!Q)-@1!E2-61%.-)-!𝑚 → 𝑚
!
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝜑 𝑛 !
!
?Z*&1!6.0)*!3%!:.<&1(3)*-)!1%4!1(4!3)0!:4.1!(1!:*2<)!-2,,)*)*%-<!(E!:.<&1(3)*-)!%!
(4E(:)1)1>!?.*!)6&),')4!=n"9!QnL!.&3>!!
!
𝑆
19
!
𝑁
14
!
𝑂
15
!
𝑊
23
!
𝐷
4
!!
𝐸
5
!
𝑁
14
!
!
S.*,(41!3%44)!,(-!6*@'1)*)!%!&1Z**)!:4.66)!,)-!)E1)*&.,!3%!(*:)X0)*!,)0!&,Y!
'*%,1(4!,Y!3%!.<&Y!(*:)X0)!,)0!)-!:.<&1(3!(E!<(-<)-9!0(!,!%66)!,Y!3O*)!&1Z**)!)-0!
->!
!
19
!"
= 195(𝑚𝑜𝑑!391)!!
14
!"
= 61 𝑚𝑜𝑑!391 !
15
!"
= 145(𝑚𝑜𝑑!391)!
23
!"
= 345(𝑚𝑜𝑑!391)!
45
!"
= 114(𝑚𝑜𝑑!391)!
14
!"
= 61(𝑚𝑜𝑑!391)!
!
8%0)-!0)6*@'1)*)*!3%!3)0!(1!:)-@11)!E2-61%.-)-g!
𝑐 → 𝑐
!
𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛 !(Nissen, 1997, s. 104)!n!195
!!"
! 𝑚𝑜𝑑!391 = !19!
61
!!"
! 𝑚𝑜𝑑!391 = !14!
145
!!"
𝑚𝑜𝑑!391 = 15!
345
!!"
𝑚𝑜𝑑!391 = 23!
114
!"#
𝑚𝑜𝑑!391 = 45!
61
!!"
! 𝑚𝑜𝑑!391 = !14!
!
8%0)-!EY*!3%!0)-!&(,,)!6*@'1.!1)6&1!5!3%!)-6*@'1)*)0)!"P"W"MLRWM"W!$3%46)1!
:)1@0)*!8STUVKS!
!
"N!
PGP(
!
H8=!6(-!:Y0)&!(-3)-0)&!1%4!(1!:)&6@11)!4.34@0%<)!:.*<)*)&!6.,,2-%6(1%.-!,)0!
$%-(-0)-9!,)-!0)1!6(-!.<&Y!$XO4')!E.*:*@0)*)!.<!1)**.*%&1)*!,)0!(1!&6X24)!'4(-)*!
E*(!&1(1)->!D)<)1!(E!0)--)!0):(1!)*!%-&'%*)*)1!(E!&(<)-!.,!F$%4!o%,,)*,(--9!$3%&!
E.*&Z<!'Y!(1!<Z*)!H8=!4)1!(-3)-0)4%<!1%4!E.46)1!20<X.*0)!)-!1*2&&)4!,.0!S8=>!(Teuber,
1999)!
F$%4!o%,,)*,(--!)*!6)-01!&.,!,(-0)-!0)*!&6(:1)!3)*0)-&!,)&1!20:*)01)!)I,(%4!
6*@'1)*%-<&!&.E1/(*)9!FbF9!)1!'*.<*(,!0)*!3(*!4)1!(-3)-0)4%<1!E.*!-.*,(4)!:.*<)*)*!%!
78=>!!
8J$D;/#+$&)0(;-,K,$(&/("7$,(,'(#:1.*$("0%,'1.&:4(&)(:,1.,%,'($,-,"&'1()#$(%&+-0+-0",/B(
!01/#$01.(5&$(%,'(&-/0%(5&)/(,'(1;,?0,-($#--,(0(30-0/7$(#+(%0;-#3&/01.(.#33*'0.&/0#'B(
L,'(0(0')#$3&/0#'1&-%,$,'(5&'%-,$(.$D;/#+$&)0(#3(;#-0/01.(3&+/4(0(17$%,-,15,%(#3(
3&+/)#$5#-%,/(3,--,3(,'($,+,$0'+(#+(%,'1()#-.B(E,'(5&'%-,$(#3($,//,'(/0-(;$0"&/-0"4(
D/$0'+1)$05,%4()#$1&3-0'+1)$05,%4(;$,11,)$05,%4()$05,%()#$(*$,/37110+($&'1&+,-1,(#+(
;2+$0:,-1,4()$05,%(/0-(&/("7$,(0()$,%B8((Teuber, 1999)(
!
AEZ4<)!o%,,)*,(--!)*!6*@'1.<*(E)*-)!'4%<1%<)!1%4!(1!.'E.*0*)!1%4!:*2<!(E!6*@'1)*%-<!
.<!0)*%<)--),!:)&6@11)!%-0%3%0)1&!'*%3(14%3g!
!
8E,/(,$(/0%()#$(.$D;/#+$&)0,'(&/(/$7%,(*%(&)(1;0#',$',1(#+(30-0/7$,/1(1.D++,$4(&/(+2(*%(0(
1#-1.0'',/(#+(-&%,(10+(#3)&"',(&)(&--,(#1(&'%$,B8 (Teuber, 1999)(
!
V(!H8=!:4)3!.'E2-0)1!%!"PNN!62--)!0)1!1).*)1%&6!.'E@40)!o%,,)*,(--;&!Z-&6)9!0(!
(44)!.<!)-$3)*!62--)!&6(:)!0)*)&!.EE)-14%<)!.<!'*%3(1)!-Z<4)>!D)-!'*(61%&6!3(*!0)1!)1!
'*.:4),!E.*0%!H8=I6*@'1)*%-<&'*.5)&&)-!6*O3)0)!)-!,)<)1!&1.*!5.,'21)*!6*(E1!'Y!
0(3O*)-0)!1%0&'2-61>!A!"Pc_;)*-)!3(*!0)1!62-!*)<)*%-<)-9!,%4%1O*)1!.<! &1.*)!
E.**)1-%-<&E.*)1(<)-0)*!&.,!3(*!%!:)&%00)4&)!(E!&Y!6*(E1%<)!5.,'21)*)>!
!
o%,,)*,(--!,)-1)!(1!(44)!E.*1X)-1)!(1!62--)!)-6*@'1)*)!0)*)&!:)&6)0)*!.<!&%0)-!
&%6*)!&%1!'*%3(14%3>!?.*,Y4)1!,)0!(1!&6(:)!FbF!3(*!(1!203%64)!)1!H8=I'*.0261!1%4!
!
"c!
E.46)1>!`(-!&6(:1)!FbF!1%4!(1!3O*)!)EE)61%31!.<!Z6.-.,%&69!&Y4)0)&!(1!)-!(4,%-0)4%<!
')*&.-4%<!5.,'21)*!62--)!(-3)-0)!0)1>!8@&1),)1!&6244)!.<&Y!3O*)!4)1!(-3)-0)4%<1!
E.*!E.46!&)43.,!0)!%66)!3(*!:)6)-01)!,)0!6*@'1.4.<%>!!
!
FbF!)*!)-!:4(-0%-<!(E!0)1!(&@,,)1*%&6)!H8=!6*@'1.&@&1),!,)-!.<&Y!0)1!
1*(0%1%.-)44)!&@,,)1*%&6)!6*@'1)*%-<>!V)-!&@,,)1*%&6)!6*@'1)*%-<!)*!$2*1%<)*)!(1!
20EZ*)!.<!6(-!3O*)!4%<)!&Y!&%66)*9!,)-!'*.:4),)1!)*!(1!-Z<4)*-)!&6(4!1*(-&'.*1)*)&!
E*(!(E&)-0)*!1%4!,.01(<)*>!?.*!(1!2-0<Y!0)11)!'*.:4),!(-3)-0)&!H8=!1%4!6*@'1)*%-<!(E!
0)-!&@,,)1*%&6)!-Z<4)>!(Teuber, 1999)!
Sikkerheden(af(RSA(
!
!
a%!&1.4)*!'Y!H8=!&.,!)-!(4<.*1%,)!.<!:*2<)*!0)1!1%4!(1!&6X24)!(44)!,24%<)!EZ4&.,,)!
%-E.*,(1%.-)*9!&.,!E.*!)6&),')4!3.*)&!6.-1.!.'4@&-%-<)*>!a%!$(*!1%04%<)*)!1(41!.,!
,(1),(1%&6)!&O1-%-<)*!.<!*)<4)*>!D)-!0)*!E%-0)&!%-<)-!&O1-%-<9!%-<)-!(:&.421!
3%&$)09!.,!(1!)1!6*@'1.&@&1),!(40*%<!6(-!:*@0)&!(E!)1!1*)0X)'(*1%>!=-3)-0)4&)-!(E!
6*@'1.4.<%!6*O3)*!0)*E.*!)-!3%&!1%44%0>!`3.*E.*!$(*!&(,E2-0)1!1%44%0!1%4!H8=]!`3.*E.*!
(-&)*!3%!0)1!&.,!&%66)*1]!
!
a%!$(*!%-01%4!3%0)*)!62-!1(41!.,!(1!4(3)!6.0)*>!D)-!4(0!.&!1(<)!0)-!(-0)-!$(1!'Y!.<!
'*Z3)!(1!0)6*@'1)*)!20)-!0)-!$),,)4%<)!-Z<4)>!AEZ4<)!0)1!*)0)<Z*)-0)!(E&-%1!3%44)!
3%!:)$Z3)!E2-61%.-)-!
𝑐 → 𝑐
!
𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝑛 !(Nissen, 1997, s. 104)!
`3.*!5!)*!0)-!6*@'1)*)0)!:4.6!(E!:.<&1(3)*>! J(0!.&!(-1(<)!(1!3%!)*!0)1!2Z-&6)0)!
1*)0X)'(*1%!&.,!62-!$(*!0)-!.EE)-14%<)!-Z<4)!\-9!)^!a%!3%44)!&Y!:4%3)!-Z0!1%4!(1!E%-0)!0!
&.,!.'E@40)*!
𝑒𝑑 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑!𝜑 𝑛 (Nissen, 1997, s. 103)!
?.*!(1!E%-0)!0!,Y!3%!E%-0)!𝜑 𝑛 9! .<! 0)*,)0! '! .<! m! &.,!1(44)1!:)&1Y*!(E>!V)11)!3%44)!
6*O3)! (1! 3%! E(61.*%&)*)0)! ->! F*.:4),)1! )*! (1! 0)*! )-0-2! %66)! E%-0)&! )-! $2*1%<! .<!
)EE)61%3!,Y0)!(1!E(61.*%&)*)!&1.*)!1(49!(-0)1!)-0!:(*)!(1!'*Z3)!&%<!E*),>!V)11)!6(-!
!
"P!
1(<)!$2-0*)0)!Y*!,)0!&)43!)-!&2')*!5.,'21)*>!8.,!3%!&Y!%!0)1!1%04%<)*)!(E&-%1!.,!
K24)*&! E2-61%.-! 6(-! 0)1! 1(<)! 4 O-<)*)! )-0! 2-%3)*&)1&! 4)3)1%0! $3%&! '*%,1(44)-)! )*!
&1.*)!-.6>! V)*E.*!)*!0)-!.EE)-14%<)!-Z<4)!&.,!3%!)*!%!:)&%00)4&)!(E!-!.<!)!'*(61%&6!1(41!
2:*2<)4%<)!$3%&!0)!)*!.3)*!"__!5%E*)>!!
8)43!$3%&!3%!&6(:)*!)-!&2')*5.,'21)*!0)*!6(-!'*%,E(61.*%&)*)!)1!1(4!'Y!"__!5%E*)!'Y!
,)<)1!6.*1!1%09!&Y!6(-!3%!:4.1!(-3)-0)!)-0-2!&1Z**)!'*%,1(4!.<!EY!)1!'*.0261!'Y!R__!
5%E*)9!.<!6*@'1)*)*)-!3%4!&Y4)0)&!3O*)!1%4:(<)!'Y!&%1!&1(*1!'2-61>!
d.! &1Z**)! 1(44)-)! :4%3)*9! X.! &3O*)*)! :4%3)*! 0)1! (1! E(61.*%&)*)! %! E.*$.40! 1%4! (1!
,241%'4%&)*)>!(Nissen, 1997)!
!!
A!)-!#KV!#(46&!:4)3!K0/(*0!8-./0)-!&'2*<1!$3(0!E%*,()*!6(-!<Z*)!E.*!(1!:)&6@11)!
0)*)&!:*2<)*)&!'*%3(14%3!3)*0)-!.3)*>!`(-!&3(*)0)!(1!(44)!E%*,()*!:2*0)!)-6*@'1)*)!
0)*)&! :*./&)*9! &Y4)0)&! (1! 0)1! :4)3! &3O*)*)! E.*! S8=! (1! &)! :*2<)*-)&! (6 1%3%1)1)*>!
(Snowden, 2014)!
F*.:4),)1! )*! (1! 0)*! )*! )1! 2XO3-1! ,(<1E.*$.40! ,)44),! S8=! .<! 0)! (4,%-0)4%<)!
(,)*%6(-&6)!:.*<)*)*>!S8=!$(*!:Y0)!6*@'1.4.<)*-)!.<!Z6.-.,%)-!1%4!(1!'*.025)*)!
:)0*)! .<! ,)*)! )EE)61%3)! 5.,'21)*)! 1%4! (1! 4Z&)! .<! &6(:)*! 6.0)*>! A! EZ4<)! K0/(*0!
8-./0)-;&! 4O66)0)! 0.62,)-1)*! $(*! S8=! 5.,'21)*! 20&1@*)1! 1%4! (1! :*@0)! &(,14%<)!
H8=!6.0)*!0)*!(-3)-0)&!'Y!-)11)1!%!0(<>!S(12*4%<3%&!20<Z*!0)11)!)-!3%&!1*2&&)4!,.0!
H8=! $3%&! (4,%-0)4%<)! :.*<)*)! Z-&6)*! (1! (-3)-0)! 0)1! 1%4! E.*0)4! E.*! &%1! '*%3(14%3>!
(Meldgaard)!
!
a%! $(*! %-01%4! 3%0)*)! &)1! $3.*0(-! ,(-! 6(-! :*2<)! 6*@'1.4.<%! 1%4! (1! 3O*-)! .,! &%1!
'*%3(14%3>!QY0)!o%,,)*,(--!.<!K0/(*0!8-./0)-!$(*!:)&6*)3)1!.3)*3Y<-%-<)-!&.,!
)-! 6*O-6)4&)! (E! %-0%3%0)19! .<! (1! '*%3(14%3)1! )*! )-! *)11%<$)0! $.&! %-0%3%0)1>! D)-!
E.*$.40)*!0)1!&%<!3%*6)4%<!&Y0(-!(1!.3)*3Y<-%-<!)*!)-!6*O-6)4&)! (E!%-0%3%0)1]!
Hvad(er(konsekvenserne(af(øget(overvågning(
(
!
L_!
8E&(M##+-,1(&%30'01/$,$,'%,(%0$,./6$4(N$0?(9?530%/4(0(,/(0'/,$"0,O(3,%(PQRP(0(STTU(
:-,"(:,%/(#3(,'(.#33,'/&$(/0-(#)),'/-0+5,%,'1(:,.D3$0'+()#$(5&'1("0$.1#35,%1(
;$&.101(3,%(&/($,+01/$,$,(#+(+,33,(:$*+,$%&/&4(+&"(5&'(%,//,('*()&361,(1"&$V(
8!"01()#-.(5&$(+&'+(0(,/(,--,$(&'%,/4(%,(0..,(6'1.,$4(&'%$,(1.&-(.,'%,(/0-4(1.*--,(%,(321.,(
-&%,("7$,(3,%(&/(+6$,(%,/88((Greenwald, 2014, s. 195)!
V)11)!)*!)1!<4%,*)-0)!)6&),')4!'Y!0)1!.E1)!(-3)-01)!(*<2,)-1!1%4!E.*0)4!E.*!
.3)*3Y<-%-<!i!$3%&!02!%66)!$(*!-.<)1!(1!&6X24)9!&Y!$(*!02!%-1)1!(1!E*@<1)>!
F*.:4),)1!)*!:(*)9!(1!(44)!,)--)&6)*!$(*!-.<)1!(1!&6X24)!i!)44)*!%!$3)*1!E(409!Z-&6)*!(1!
&6X24)!-.<)1>!!
?.25(241!E.*64(*)0)9!20!E*(!1).*%)-!.,!F(-.'1%6.-9!$3.*0(-!.3)*3Y<-%-<)-!%!1Y*-)1!
3%44)!<)--),&@*)!)1$3)*1!(&')61!(E!E(-<)*-)&!(0EO*0>!V)!3%44)!.'EZ*)!&%<!%!E.*$.40!1%4!
0)1!E(612,9!(1!0)!:4)3!.3)*3Y<)0)>!
K1!)6&),')4!E*(!3%*6)4%<$)0)-9!0)*!:)3%&)*!0)--)!1).*%!)*!0)1!:*%1%&6)!&.5%.4.<%&6)!
)6&')*%,)-1!CA-!1$)!Q)&1!?(,%4%)&g!#*(56%-<!(-0!H)4(1%.-&$%'&C!$3.*!-.<4)!E(,%4%)*!
E%6!&)-0)*)!'Y!&%<!.<!&Y4)0)&9!(1!0)!E%6!,24%<$)0)-!E.*!(1!&'.*)9!$3.*!0)*)&!(-0*)!
E(,%4%),)04),,)*!:)E(-01!&%<>!V)1!<(3!)-!&1Z**)!EZ4)4&)!(E!1*@<$)0!1%4!1%0)*9!,)-!0)!
:4)3!.<&Y!,)<)1!:)3%0&1)!.,!0)!&1)0)*!0)!:)&Z<1)9!0(!0)!1%4!)-!$3)*!1%0!62--)!:4%3)!
.3)*3Y<)1>!V)1!3(*!%66)!E.*0%9!(1!0)!-Z03)-0%<3%&!$(30)!<X.*1!-.<)1!E.*6)*19!,)-!0)!
E*@<1)0)!$3.*0(-!0)*)&!E(,%4%)!,)04),,)*!3%44)!E.*1.46)!0)*)&!(0EO*0>!
?.*&Z<&')*&.-)*-)!62--)!1%4!)-$3)*!1%0!&4266)!E.*!&'.*%-<&,)6(-%&,)-!.<!0)*3)0!
&6X24)!0)*)&!.'$.40&&1)0>!V)11)!<X.*0)!0),!0.<!%66)!,)*)!1*@<<)9!E.*0%!0)!3(*!:(-<)!
E.*9!(1!(-0*)!3%44)!.'E(11)!0)*)&!2-03%<)4&)!(E!.3)*3Y<-%-<!&.,!,%&1O-6)4%<!i!%66)!
E.*0%!0)!<X.*0)!-.<)1!E.*6)*19!,)-!62-!E.*0%!0)-!&4266)0)!
&'.*%-<&,)6(-%&,)9!62--)!.'E(11)&!&.,!)1!Z-&6)!.,!(1!&6X24)!&%<>!(Greenwald, 2014)!
!!
8)43.,!3%!<Z*!-.<)19!0)*!%66)!)*!24.34%<1!'Y!-)11)19!&.,!E.*!)6&),')4!(1!:)&Z<)!'.*-.!
$X),,)&%0)*!)44)*!&6*%3)!1%4!)-!)4&6)*9!&Y!)*!0)1!%66)!-.<)1!3%!-Z03)-0%<3%&!Z-&6)*9!(1!
(-0*)!&6(4!3%0)>!p-&6)1!.,!'*%3(14%3!$(-04)*!%66)!-Z03)-0%<3%&!.,!(1!&6X24)!-.<)1!
24.34%<1!)44)*!E.*6)*1>!K*<.!3%4!,)--)&6)*!&1(0%<!EZ4)!&%<!6*O-6)1!(E!.3)*3Y<-%-<9!&)43!
.,!0)!%66)!&6X24)*!-.<)1!24.34%<1>!
V(!6.-&)63)-&)-!)*9!(1!O-0*)*!3.*)&!(0EO*09!-Y*!3%!.3)*3Y<)&9!4%<)&.,!E(-<)*-)!%!
!
L"!
F(-.'1%6.-9!&Y!$O,,)*!.3)*3Y<-%-<!3.*)&!(0EO*0!.<!)*!0)*,)0!)-!:)<*O-&-%-<!(E!
3.*)&!@1*%-<&E*%$)09!(E!E*@<1!E.*!0),9!0)*!.3)*3Y<)*!.&>!F*%3(14%3)1&!E*)0!)*!)-!
<*2-04O<<)-0)!E.*20&O1-%-<!E.*9!(1!3%!6(-!201*@66)!.&!E*%1>!
!!
D)-!&.,!0)1!)*!E.*64(*)1!%!1%04%<)*)!(E&-%19!6(-!*)<%&1*)*%-<!3O*)!)-!E.*20&O1-%-<!E.*!
3.*)&!3)4EO*0!.<!:)&6@11)4&)>!F$%4!o%,,)*,(--!,)-1)9!(1!(44)!&6244)!$(3)!*)1!1%4!(1!
6*@'1)*)!0)*)&!:)&6)0)*9!.<!0)*,)0!:)&6@11)!'*%3(14%3)19!,)-!'*.:4),)1!)*9!(1!
6*@'1)*%-<!.<&Y!6(-!(-3)-0)&!1%4!'4(-4O<-%-<!(E!,)*)!.-0&%-0)0)!(61%3%1)19!E.*!
)6&),')4!)1!1)**.*(-<*):>!
!!
V)1!,Y!0)*E.*!6.-6420)*)&9!(1!Z<)1!.3)*3Y<-%-<!:Y0)!(34)*!1%44%0!.<!,%&1%44%0>!!
SY*!=,)*%6(-&6)!:.*<)*)!EY*!,24%<$)0)-!E.*!(1!6*@'1)*)!&%1!0%<%1(4)!'*%3(14%3!<%3)*!
0)1!0),!)-!1*@<$)0!.<!)1!*2,9!$3.*!0)!6(-!20-@11)!0)*)&!@1*%-<&!E*%$)0!1%4!E240)>!
D)-!0)1!&6(:)*!.<&Y!&1.*!,%&1%44%0!E*(!&1(1)-&!&%0)9!E.*0%!0)!%66)!6(-!6.*14O<<)!
6.,,2-%6(1%.-)-!'Y!-)11)1!.<!&Y4)0)&!E.*$%-0*)!24.34%<)!(61%3%1)1)*>!#.*!3(*!)1!
)6&),')4!'Y!)1!&Y0(-1!-)13O*6!0)*!3(*!E*%!E.*!.3)*3Y<-%-<>!8.,!b(*)1$!T/)-!
:)*)11)0)!3(*!:Z*-)'.*-.!0)1!,)&1!)E1)*1*(<1)0)!%-0$.40!'Y!-)13O*6)1>!#.*!)*!)1!
)6&),')4!'Y!)-!3)*0)-!20)-!-.<)-!E.*,!E.*!*)<%&1*)*%-<!)44)*!.3)*3Y<-%-<!
.3)*$.3)0>!V)--)!,(-<4)-0)!.3)*3Y<-%-<!'Y!#.*!0)*!)-0)*!,)0!(1!*)&241)*)!%!
(-(*6%&1%&6)!1%4&1(-0)9!$3.*!:Z*-)'.*-.!0%&1*%:2)*)&9!&(4<!(E!24.34%<)!&1.EE)*!E.*)<Y*!
.<!4)X),.*0)*)!6(-!4)X)&>!K1!(-(*6%&1%&6!-)13O*6!9!20)-!-.<)-!E.*,!E.*!.3)*3Y<-%-<9!
6(-!&Y4)0)&!.<&Y!20<Z*)!)-!1*2&&)4!,.0!%-0%3%0)19!.<!,)*)!&')5%E%61!,.0!
%-0%3%0)1&!&%66)*$)0>!!
!!
V(!K0/(*0!8-./0)-!6.,!20!,)0!&(-0$)0)-!.,!S8=!&6(:1)!$(-!.<&Y!,%&1%44%0!
,)44),!:.*<)*-)!.<!&1(1)-9!.<!$(-!.'E.*0*)0)!E.46!1%4!(1!6*@'1)*)>!8YE*),1!
8-./0)-q&!.'E.*0*%-<!.,9!(1!UUU!E2406.,,)-!6*@'1)*)&!(E!%-0%3%0)*!.<!E%*,()*9!
,)0!0)-!EZ4<)3%*6-%-<9!(1!0)*!%66)!6(-!20Z3)&!-.<)-!E.*,!E.*!.3)*3Y<-%-<!)44)*!
*)<%&1*)*%-<9!3%44)!3%!%!*)(4%1)1)-!)-0)!,)09!(1!UUU!3(*!4%<)&.,!-)13O*6)1!#.*>!!!
!!
Q)$.3)1!E.*!(1!6*@'1)*)!.<!.3)*3Y<)!:4%3)*!$)*3)0!)-!,(<1:(4(-5)r!)44)*!,Y&6)!
!
LL!
&-(*)*)!I!)-!4Z:)-0)!,(<16(,'9!,)44),!:.*<)*-)!.<!&1(1)-9!$3.*!:(4(-5)-!,)44),!
Y:)-$)0!.<!6*@'1)*%-<!1%4!&1(0%<$)0!O-0*)&9!&.,!)-!6.-&)63)-&!(E!<)-&%0%<!1%44%0!.<!
,%&1%44%0!,)44),!:.*<)*)!.<!&1(1>!
Perspektivering(
!
#).*%)-! .,! '(-.'1%6.-! 6(-! ')*&')61%3)*)&! 1%4! K0/(*0! 8-./0)-;&! 4O66)0)!
0.62,)-1)*>!!
8.,!-O3-1!%!0)1!*)0)<Z*)-0)!(E&-%1!62--)!%0))-!.,!)1!2.3)*3Y<)1!-)13O*6!3O*)!)1!
)6&),')4! 'Y! ?.25(241&! ')&1>! A! 1%4EO40)1! $.&! S8=! .<! 8-./0)-! &Y! :)<@-01)!
.3)*3Y<-%-<! (1! &1%<)! ,(&&%31! %! 78=! )E1)*! Pk""! 0(! 0)-! &Y6(401)! F(1*%.1! =51! :4)3!
4.3<%3)1>!F(1*%.1!=51!<(3!0)-!=,)*%6(-&6)!&1(1!&1Z**)!,24%<$)0!E.*!(1!.3)*3Y<)!.<!
%-0&(,4)!0(1(!%!1)**.*!6*%<)-&!-(3->!?*@<1)-!E.*!')&1)-!)*&1(11)&!&Y4)0)&!(E!E*@<1)-!
E.*!)1!4%<-)-0)!1)**.*!(-<*):>!!
AEZ4<)!K0/(*0!8-./0)-!$(*!S8=!$(E1!0%*)61)!(0<(-<!1%4!E.*&6)44%<)!&1.*)!E%*,()*;&!
0(1(!&.,!E.*!)6&),')4!?(5):..69!b..<4)!.<!s($..!3%(!0)*)&!'*.<*(,!FHA8DV!
WI( 3#%17/'0'+( /0-( RXYGQNZ4( [YIG\IN]4( ^YJ9_YG( #+( 9_^GLRGN]4( 1#3( 0'%1&3-,$(
.#33*'0.&/0#'1%&/&4('2$(%,()-D%,$(0+,'',3()0:,$#;/01.,(.&:-,$(#+(&'%$,()#$3,$()#$(
0')$&1/$*./*$( <12.&-%/( *;1/$,&3`#",$"2+'0'+4( 1#3( %,/( 5,%%,$( ;2( Q9Y`K&$+#'>4( +6$(
aGI9L(%,/(3*-0+/()#$(Q9Y(&/()#$,/&+,(,'(%0$,./,(%&/&0'%1&3-0'+(;2(1,$",$',(5#1('0(&)(
",$%,'1(1/6$1/,(0'/,$',/"0$.1#35,%,$8((Greenwald, 2014)!
V)!$(*!.<&Y!(-3)-01!t[Ks8uTHK!1%4!(1!4(<*)!,)*)!)-0!:4.1!,)1(0(1(9!$3%46)1!:)&1Y*!
(E!&6*%E14%<)!%-E.*,(1%.-)*>!D)0!t[Ks8uTHK!6(-!0)!4(<*)!3%0).)*!E*(!86@')I.'6(409!
?(5)1%,)I.'6(40!.<!&Z<)$%&1.*%66)*>!
F*.<*(,,)1!6*O3)*!:4.1!(1!,(-!6)-0)*!.3)*3Y<-%-<&!.:X)61)1&!)I,(%4!(0*)&&)9!.<!
&%0)-!6(-!,(-!4(3)!)-!&Z<-%-<!%!'*.<*(,,)1>!V)11)!<Z*!0)1!4)1!(1!%0)-1%E%5)*)!$3)*!
)-6)41! ')*&.-! .<! (-(4@&)*)! $(-&! (0EO*09! $3%46)1! .'E@40)*! '(-.'1%&,)-&! 1*)0X)!
'*%-5%'!.,!%-0%3%02(4%&)*%-<>!!
!
LR!
D)0! 0%&&)! .3)*3Y<-%-<&! *)0&6(:)*! &1%44)*! S8=! &%<! %! &(,,)! '.&%1%.-! &.,! 3(<1)-! %!
F(-.'1%6.-! 1Y*-)1>! V)! $(*! &1*2612*)4! (0<(-<! 3)0! $XO4'! (E! FHA8D! .<! [Ks8uTHK9!
$3%46)1!<%3)*!0),!)1!')*E)61!20&@-!1%4!(44)!.3)*3Y<-%-<&!.:X)61)*-)9!0)!)*!%!&1(-0!1%4!
(1! %0)-1%E%5)*)! $3)*! )-6)41! ')*&.-! .<! 6.*14O<<)! 0)*)&! 6.,,2-%6(1%.-! ,)0! (44)!
(-0*)!3)0!$XO4'!(E![Ks8uTHK>!
a%<1%<1&!(E!(41!)*!0)!%66)!&)43!.:X)61!%!)-!.3)*3Y<-%-<>!8)43.,!0)*!$(*!3O*)1!E%*,()*!
0)*!$(*!,.0&(1!&%<!S8=!<)--),!*)1&&(<)*!&Y!$(*!0)!(44)!1(:19!E.*0%!0%&&)!*)1&&(<)*!
%66)!E%-0)*!&1)0!%!0)!.EE)-14%<)!0.,&1.4)>!V)!E%-0)*!&1)0!%!0)-!1.'!$),,)4%<)!?A8=I
0.,&1.49!$3%46)1!$(*!<%3)1!S8=!)-!&1.*!E*%$)0!&%0)-!&6(-0(4)-!%!Pk""!(Meldgaard)!
8)*! 3%! :.*1! E*(! '(-.'1%6.-! 62--)! ,(-! .<&Y! 203%0)! 2-0)*&Z<)4&)-! .<! $3.*4 )0)&!
K0/(*0! 8-./0)-&! .'E.*0*%-<! 1%4! Z<)1! 6*@'1)*%-<! 62--)! 3O*)! &6@40! %! 1)**.*!
(-<*):)-)!%!F(*%&>!!
Konklusion(
(
!
T'<(3)-!:)&6*%3)*!$3.*0(-!0)-!)4)61*.-%&6)!.3)*3Y<-%-<!%!)1!&(,E2-0!E2-<)*)*>!
T'<(3)-!:)&6*%3)*!.<&Y!$3.*0(-!,(-!2-0<Y*!0)-!)4)61*.-%&6)!.3)*3Y<-%-<!.<!
$3%46)!6.-&)63)-&)*!(E&1)06.,,)*!0)-!Z<)0)!,O-<0)!.3)*3Y<-%-<>!
!!
a%!$(*!E2-0)1!20!(E!$3(0!)1!)4)61*.-%&6!.3)*3Y<-%-<&&(,E2-0!)*!20!E*(!?.25(241&!
1).*%!.,!F(-.'1%6.-9!.<!(-3)-01!0)--)!1).*%!'Y!K0/(*0!8-./0)-&!4O66)0)!
0.62,)-1)*!E.*!(1!E%-0)!20!(E!$3.*0(-!S8=;&!0(1(!.3)*3Y<-%-<!E2-<)*)*>!!
a%!$(*!E2-0)1!20!(E!$3.*0(-!.3)*3Y<-%-<!6 (-!2-0<Y&!3)0!$XO4'!(E!H8=!
6*@'1.&@&1),)19!.<!$3.*!&%66)*!)-!&Y0(-!)-6*@'1%.-!)*>!K1!)6&),')4!)*!:4)3)1!
<)--),<Y)1!,)0!:)&6)0)-!8STUVKS>!!
!!
V)1!6.-6420)*)&9!(1!Z<)1!.3)*3Y<-%-<!:Y0)!(34)*!1%44%0!.<!,%&1%44%0>!V)11)!E.*0%!-Y*!
=,)*%6(-&6)!:.*<)*)!EY*!,24%<$)0)-!E.*!(1!6*@'1)*)!&%1!0%<%1(4)!'*%3(14%39!<%3)*!0)1!
0),!)-!1*@<$)0!.<!)1!*2,9!$3.*!0)!6(-!20-@11)!0)*)&!@1*%-<&!E*%$)0!1%4!E240)>!D)-!
!
LW!
0)1!&6(:)*!.<&Y!&1.*!,%&1%44%0!E*(!&1(1)-&!&%0)9!E.*0%!0)!%66)!6(-!6.*14O<<)!
6.,,2-%6(1%.-)-!'Y!-)11)1!.<!&Y4)0)&!E.*$%-0*)!24.34%<)!(61%3%1)1)*>!
!!
V)*!6.-6420)*)&9!(1!:)$.3)1!E.*!(1!6*@'1)*)!.<!.3)*3Y<)!)*!)-!,(<1:(4(-5)r!)44)*!
,Y&6)!&-(*)*)!I!)-!4Z:)-0)!,(<16(,'9!,)44),!:.*<)*-)!.<!&1(1)-9!$3.*!:(4(-5)-!
,)44),!Y:)-$)0!.<!6*@'1)*%-<!1%4!&1(0%<$)0!O-0*)&9!&.,!)-!6.-&)63)-&!(E!<)-&%0%<!
1%44%0!.<!,%&1%44%0!,)44),!:.*<)*)!.<!&1(1>!!
!
(
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
LM!
Bibliografi(
!
V)-V(-&6T*0:.<>!\2>0>^>!^",$"2+'0'+11&3)*'%>!`)-1)0)!LW>!V)5),:)*!L_"M!E*(!
.*0-)1>06g!$11'gkk.*0-)1>06k00.k.*0:.<]m2)*@n.3)*3juRj=M<-%-<&&(,E2-0!
?%&$)*9!V>!\L__N^>!#$)!F(-.'1%5.-v&!5$(-<%-<!<).< *( '$@>!_5,(+,#+$&;50?&-($,"0,O!9!
R_NIRL">!
?.25(2419!D>!\"PNM^>!^\NG\CMQIQM(^M(9_GY[(`([7'+1-,/1()6%1,-B!!
b*))-/(409!b>!\L_"W^>!^",$"2+,/V(N'(0'10%,$:,$,/'0'+(#3(N%O&$%(9'#O%,'4(Q9Y(#+(
%,'(Y3,$0.&'1.,(#",$"2+'0'+11/&/B!!
d(&1*2'9!D>!\L__R^>!A#I'*%3(5@!&6(4!E.*:)0*)&>![$&($2%,/(/0-(/0'+,/!>!
D)40<((*09!J>!J>!E01?0;-0'7$(3&+/(3,%(-D1,/1(5&1/0+5,%(`(^",$"2+'0'+(0(,'(%0+0/&-(
/0%1&-%,$B!!
S%&&)-9!F>!J>!\"PPN^>!J$D;/#-#+0(`()$&("0%,'(/0-("0%,'1.&:B!!
8'(469!d>!F>!\L__L^>!Y-+,:$&(#+(_&-/,#$0B!!
#)2:)*9!d>!\"PPP^>!J#%,:#+,'B(\0%,'1.&:,'(#3(5,33,-0+,(:*%1.&:,$(`()$&(#-%/0%,'1(
b+D;/,'(/0-(."&'/,.$D;/,$0'+B![Z:)-$(3->!
U%6%')0%(>!\2>0>^>!@UAc>!`)-1)0)!LW>!0)5),:)*!L_"M!E*(!U%6%')0%(g!
$11'&gkk0(>/%6%')0%(>.*<k/%6%k"PcWw\*.,(-^!
(
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!